My dissertation is a contribution to the growing area of literature known as “Theology of Disability.” In most existing theological accounts of intellectual disability, there is a tendency for theologians either to accept uncritically the picture of the subject advocated by much modern philosophy or to reject the same subject in an anti-modern polemical stance. This leads to theological and ethical confusion over issues of nature and grace, and autonomy and dependence. I argue that this false dilemma might be avoided through appeal to the way in which recent thinkers in critical theory, philosophy, and theology have reconceived topics such as freedom, power, and vulnerability. I draw on the work of theologians Karl Rahner, Sarah Coakley, and Kathryn Tanner to argue that contemporary Christian theology can offer us a picture of the human person that is neither the stable subject of reason and will prized in modernity nor the fluid and dissolute subject celebrated in much postmodern literature. This reconstructed theological anthropology holds great promise for correcting the ethical and theological deficiencies present in existing theologies of disability.